Unix

If you can do all this in 10 minutes or less, we suggest you skip the Unix lab and attend the networking class instead.

bbs

The bbs (Bulletin Board System) command will take you into pine with a read-only folder that can be "posted" to by sending mail to bbs or if you are on mode, just pine bbs will work. You can interact with other Challenge participants, but remember that everyone sees what is posted to the bbs.

CC

The CC command will invoke the C++ compiler to compile a C++ program. The -o option will name the output file differently from the default name of a.out.
Example: CC -o project97 project97.C

cc

The cc command will invoke the C compiler to compile a C program. The -o option will name the output file differently from the default name of a.out.
Example: cc -o project project.c

cd

The cd command will change to another directory. If no directory is specified, cd will return to the home directory. When a directory is specified without a path, it is assumed to be a subdirectory of the current directory.
Example: cd public_html
If the directory is not a subdirectory, a path must be specified.
Example: cd /usr/local/scc/examples

cp

The cp command will copy a file from one location to another.
Example: cp /usr/local/scc/examples/bacteria.f bacteria.f
or
cp /usr/local/scc/examples/bacteria.f .
where . means the current directory.

f90

The f90 command currently invokes the GNU F77 compiler on mode, but will invoke the SGI Fortran 90 compiler on pi, to compile a Fortran program. The -o option will name the output file differently from the default name of a.out.
Example: f90 -o solveit solveit.f

.forward

If you regularly read mail on a machine other than mode.lanl.k12.nm.us, please create a file called .forward that contains your email address on the other machine. Using pico enter: pico .forward then put in your email address, like Joe-student@aol.com and save the file (^O ^X) and then TEST IT by sending mail to your mode account and see if that mail shows up at your other machine, if not look at your .forward file again.

login

Challenge account name begin with ch and are followed by the team number and the person's initials, ie ch001abc.

logout

Don't forget to logout when you are finished using mode.lanl.k12.nm.us so that others will not bother your files and you will not use any system resources.
Example: logout

ls

The ls command will list the contents of the current directory. There are many options to the ls command which are discussed in the man pages (enter: man ls).
Example: ls /usr/local/scc/examples

mkdir

The mkdir command will make a directory. This is a useful way to organize information. Use the rmdir command to remove an empty directory.
Example: mkdir reports research code

pico

pico is a very simple editor. It is the default editor for creating mail messages when using the pine mailer. It is always in "insert mode" and shows the possible control commands on the bottom of the screen. The arrow keys can be used to position the cursor and characters can be deleted with either the delete key or the backspace key.
Example: pico index.html

pine

pine is an electronic mail program that is very friendly and easy to use. It uses the PIne COmposer (pico) to create new messages. Challenge email addresses are in the form of login_name@mode.lanl.k12.nm.us and mail should be read and sent from mode as opposed to pi. There is help on each screen of pine and possible commands are listed on the menu or across the bottom of the screen.

rm

The rm command will remove (or delete) a file that is no longer needed. Once a file has been removed, it can not be recovered so you might want to use the -i option which will ask for confirmation before the removal take place.
Example: rm -i a.out

vi

vi is the "standard" Unix editor found on every Unix machine. It is more powerful than pico, but is more complicated to learn. The best way to learn about vi is to read about it in a Unix textbook and try using it.
Example: vi solveit.f

Unix Lab Exercises

1. Logon to mode (mode.lanl.k12.nm.us)
2. At the mode-1% prompt, create a directory called examples and change to it
   1. mkdir examples
   2. cd examples
3. Copy the files bacteria.f, sample.c and sample.f from the directory /usr/local/scc/examples into your examples directory with the following commands
   1. cp /usr/local/scc/examples/bacteria.f bacteria.f
   2. cp /usr/local/scc/examples/sample.c sample.c
   3. cp /usr/local/scc/examples/sample.f sample.f
4. List the files you have with ls
5. Look at the files you have with cat or more
   1. cat bacteria.f
   2. cat sample.c
   3. more sample.f
6. Compile the C++ program with CC sample.c (those are 2 capital "C"s) and run it by entering a.out
7. Connect to the pi machine (pi.lanl.k12.nm.us) by entering pi
8. Change to the examples directory with cd examples
9. Compile the bacteria program with f90 bacteria.f -o bacteria.x then run it by entering bacteria.x
10. Compile and run the sample.f program.
11. Remove the a.out file created from mode with rm a.out
12. Logout of pi to get back to mode with logout
13. Check the Bulletin Board by entering bbs
14. Change to your public_html directory with cd then cd public_html
15. Edit your web page pico index.html and replace the generic information with your information.
16. If you regularly read mail on an account other than your Challenge account, please create a file called .forward that contains your other email address. Make sure you test it.
17. One of your team members needs to edit the abstract.html file that is located in everyones directory with your team's information and once that is complete and spell checked, submit it to the Challenge staff by entering submit abstract.html
18. Using pine, send mail to your team members to establish a time this week to discuss what you learned at Glorieta.
19. Use the man command to learn about some of the options to the ls command, enter man ls
20. Logout of mode logout